In the 17th and 18th centuries, some European philosophers began to challenge traditional concepts about the natural world and power in government. Enlightenment ideas challenged religious authority and the monarchy. These ideas contributed to movements for democratic government including the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and Latin American wars for independence.

B. Explain the social, political and economic effects of industrialization.

Effects of industrialization in the 18th and 19th centuries include modernization of agriculture, increased immigration to the United States, urbanization, the growth of the middle class, the development of corporations, laissez-faire economic policies, and the growth of labor unions and reform movements.


C. Analyze the reasons that countries gained control of territory through imperialism and the impact on people living in the territory that was controlled.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, European countries competed to gain control of territory in other parts of the world. The Industrial Revolution contributed to imperialism because industrial powers looked to foreign territories as sources of raw materials for their factories and as markets for their finished goods.
 

To learn more about these benchmarks, read Chapter 3: From Enlightenment to Imperialism, pp. 23-42 in Mastering the Ohio Graduation Test Social Studies.